This paper analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of heritage sites and affecting factors in the Turpen area based on geographic information system (GIS) data and the third heritage census information. Conclusions are as follows: 1) The topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) have a certain impact on the spatial distribution of heritages: heritage sites are scattered spatially on a small scale. 2) The spatial distribution of water and roads in the study are also has a certain influence on the distribution of heritage sites: the longer the distance to roads and water, the fewer heritage sites were found. 3) In arid areas, extreme shortages of water and drought conditions have a direct connection to the distribution of heritage sites. 4) Most heritage sites are found in the vicinity of Jiaohe and Gaochang. Reasons for this could be low altitude, rich vegetation and abundant water.